不同栽培模式与密度对小豆花后干物质积累及产量的影响

为探明栽培模式与群体密度对小豆植株干物质积累及产量的影响,采用平作和65 cm宽垄作2种栽培模式,分别采取9万、13万、17万、21万、25万株/hm~2群体密度,测定小豆花后不同部位器官的干重,并于成熟收获后取样测定产量构成。结果表明:随着群体密度的增加,小豆的单株结荚数量和粒数显著降低,单株产量的降低,导致平作条件下随着群体密度的增加产量无显著变化;而垄作条件下,小豆植株的营养器官干重高峰期出现较晚,在鼓粒阶段营养器官仍保持较大干物质积累,单株的结荚数和粒数增加了3.8%~53.8%和13.6%~101.5%,因此,在相同密度条件下垄作的单株产量和单位面积产量显著高于平作17.3%~127.2%和36.8%~80.0%。综合分析小豆的植株形态和产量构成,采用垄作条件保苗株数17万株/hm~2更利于小豆产量的形成,而平作条件下种植密度不易超过21万株/hm~2。     

不同播期夏播小豆产量性能动态指标与光温水效应

为探讨光、温、水等气象因子对夏播小豆产量的影响，达到合理利用气象资源、进一步挖掘小豆增产潜力的目的，以中晚熟小豆品种花小豆（V₁）和中早熟品系德红5261（V₂）为材料，设T₁（6月17日）、T₂（6月22日）、T₃（6月27日）、T₄（7月2日）和T₅（7月7日）5个播期，形成不同的光、温、水生长环境，对夏播小豆产量性能指标和光、温、水因子效应及气象因子资源量在小豆生育前期与后期的比值（分配率）进行测定和分析。结果表明，小豆产量、单株荚数和单株粒重随播期推迟先增加后逐渐降低，各播期的大小依次为：T₂>T₁>T₃>T₄>T₅，品种间产量差异极显著，V₂>V₁，每荚粒数和百粒重受播期影响较小；随着播期的推迟，小豆的生育天数、平均叶面积指数、总光合势逐渐减小，但收获指数相应增加。光、温、水因子对产量性能指标有明显的正负调节效应，V₁生育前期有效积温与产量、平均叶面积指数、生育天数、总光合势和平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关，与收获指数和平均净同化率呈极显著负相关；生育前期降水量与单位面积荚数呈极显著正相关；生育前期日照时数与平均叶面积指数、总光合势和平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关，与平均净同化率呈极显著负相关；生育后期有效积温与平均作物生长率呈显著正相关；生育后期日照时数与总光合势呈显著正相关。V₂生育前期有效积温与产量、单位面积荚数、平均叶面积指数、总光合势和平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关，与收获指数呈极显著负相关；生育前期降水量与平均叶面积指数和平均作物生长率呈显著负相关；生育前期日照时数与生育天数和总光合势呈极显著正相关，与产量呈显著正相关，与收获指数和每荚粒数呈极显著负相关；生育后期有效积温与平均叶面积指数、生育天数和总光合势呈极显著正相关，与收获指数、每荚粒数和百粒重呈极显著负相关；生育后期降水量与平均作物生长率呈极显著正相关。对气象因子资源量分配与小豆产量进行回归分析，得出不同小豆品种获得最高产量的最佳光、温、水资源量在生育前、后期的比值（分配率）及其组合，V₁为：生育天数1.86、有效积温2.27、降水量49.73、日照时数1.45；V₂为：生育天数1.45、有效积温1.49、降水量1.57、日照时数0.98。在德州地区，夏播小豆选用中早熟品系V₂在6月20日前后播种，生育期内光、温、水资源量的分配率及其组合最佳，可获得较高的产量。     

Cultivar Specific Response of CO2 Fertilization on Two Tropical Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Cultivars: ROS Generation,Antioxidant Status,Physiology, Growth,Yield and Seed Quality

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (CO₂) is an important component of global climate change that will have a significant impact on the productivity of crop plants. In recent years, growth and yield of agricultural crop plants have been shown to increase with elevated CO₂ (EC) and have enticed considerable interest due to variation in the response of crop plants. In this study, comparative response of two mung bean cultivars (HUM‐2 and HUM‐6) was evaluated against EC at different growth stages under near‐natural conditions for two consecutive years. The plants were grown in ambient as well as EC (700 ppm) in specially designed open‐top chambers. Under elevated CO₂, marked down‐regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, membrane disruption and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were noticed in both the cultivars, but the extent of reduction was more in HUM‐6. As compared to ambient CO₂, EC increased total chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate, growth and yield parameters. Cultivar‐specific response was noticed as HUM‐6 showed higher increase in yield attributes than HUM‐2. Under CO₂ treatment, soluble protein and reducing sugars decreased while total soluble sugars and starch showed an opposite trend. Principal component analysis showed that both the cultivars responded more or less similarly to EC in their respective groupings of physiological and growth parameters, but the magnitude of ROS and antioxidative enzymes was variable. The experimental findings depict that both the cultivars of mung bean showed contrasting response against EC and paved the way for selecting the suitable cultivar having higher productivity in a future high‐CO₂ environment.     

莱豆新品种龙莱1号的选育

征集龙岩市莱豆地方品种13个,按照育种目标进行品种筛选、提纯、繁殖、特征特性观察与栽培技术试验,育成的莱豆新品种龙莱1号具有中熟、品质优、产量高、抗病性较强、适应性广、商品价值高等特点。该文介绍该品种从2003～2010年的选育过程及该品种主要特征特性。     

玉米青贮与花生秧配比对奶牛瘤胃中花生秧降解特性的影响

本试验旨在研究玉米青贮与花生秧配比对奶牛瘤胃中花生秧降解特性的影响。选择4头体重、生理状态、生产性能相近,装有永久瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛,分别饲喂含有玉米青贮与花生秧不同配比的全混合日粮(TMR),3种TMR中玉米青贮与花生秧的干物质(DM)配比分别为3.9∶1.0(A组)、1.2∶1.0(B组)、0.4∶1.0(C组)。试验分3期进行,依次进行A、B、C组试验。每期预试15 d,采样期4 d;共57 d。采用尼龙袋瘤胃降解技术测定花生秧在奶牛瘤胃中DM、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的72 h瘤胃降解率,并求得目标养分的动态降解参数及有效降解率。结果表明:1)花生秧的DM在瘤胃中有效降解率为56.49%~59.62%,CP为40.45%~47.36%,NDF为33.26%~35.20%,ADF为36.31%~37.45%。2)B组DM的有效降解率显著高于C组(P0.05),极显著高于A组(P0.01);B、C组的CP有效降解率显著高于A组(P0.05)。3)B、C组的NDF快速降解部分含量显著高于A组(P0.05);3种TMR对花生秧粗NDF和ADF有效降解率无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,花生秧具有较高的饲用价值。本试验条件下,玉米青贮与花生秧DM配比为1.2∶1.0时,可有效提高花生秧DM和CP的瘤胃降解率。     

普通菜豆籽粒大小与形状的QTL定位

普通菜豆是世界上最重要的食用豆类作物之一,其籽粒大小和形状与产量及外观品质密切相关。本研究以来自安第斯基因库的大粒品种龙270709和来自中美基因库的小粒品种F5910配置杂交组合,获得的F2分离群体分别在哈尔滨大田与北京昌平温室种植,对百粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和长厚比6个籽粒性状进行了相关性分析和QTL定位。相关性分析表明,百粒重与粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比5个衡量籽粒大小和形状的性状均显著正相关。利用基于完备区间作图方法的Ici Mapping 4.1进行QTL定位,哈尔滨环境下定位到38个与百粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比相关的QTL,表型贡献率介于2.39%~17.37%之间,分布在除第1染色体外的其余10条染色体上;北京昌平环境下定位到21个上述性状的QTL,表型贡献率介于5.92%~22.53%之间,分布在第1、第3、第6、第7、第8、第9和第11染色体上。其中,百粒重QTLSW7与SW7’,SW6.1与SW6’,粒长QTLSL6.1与SL6.1’,粒厚QTLSH11与SH11’在2个环境下的标记区间重叠或者重合,SW7、SW6.1、SL6.1、SW6’和SL6.1’的表型贡献率在10%以上。     

Effect of the Substrates on the Production of Engrafted Vine Cuttings in Heated Greenhouses

This article highlights the results of a long-term research project on the production of grape stalks engrafted by the desk method. The integrated impact of rootstock varieties, modes of stratification, and different substrates on vegetating vine cuttings, raised in heated greenhouses, and the capacity of their acclimatization after planting was studied. The results of the research show that rootstock variety and modes of stratification influence the output of engrafted vegetating cuttings of vines grown in pots using various substrates. In particular, the engrafted cuttings of variety Rkatsiteli produced on two rootstocks, 5 BB and 101-14, passed stratification (a) in sawdust with local electroheating, (b) on the water with its periodic change, and (c) in the layer of perlite. After preplanting preparations they were planted in pots with six different substrates: (1) soil (control); (2) perlite; (3) sawdust; (4) rice husk + soil + sand (1:1:1); (5) peat + soil + sand (1:1:1); and (6) mold + soil + sand (1:1:1). The cuttings were grown with a covered root system in a heated greenhouse for 35–40 days. Forty-day-old vegetating cuttings, after hardening, were planted into the open ground. Specialties were established during the root and shoot formation on vegetating nursery plant grafts during the rooting period. Optimal substrates for growing engrafted cuttings with a covered root system in heated greenhouses for each rootstock and stratification mode were determined.     

调亏灌溉对蚕豆需水规律及水分利用效率的影响

在甘肃秦王川灌区通过大田试验研究了苗期调亏灌溉对蚕豆需水规律和水分生产效率的影响.结果表明:调亏处理蚕豆在苗期、拔节期及花荚期需水量减少,叶面积、蒸腾速率和光合速率下降,在鼓粒成熟期则相对增加,作物的总需水量减少.叶面积、蒸腾速率和棵间蒸发减少是调亏灌溉需水量降低的主要原因.调亏灌溉能够延缓鼓粒期叶片衰老,提高光合速率,使光合同化物向籽粒分配的比例增加,提高水分生产效率.     

东北油豆角腐皮镰孢菌根腐病拮抗芽胞杆菌的筛选与鉴定

以东北油豆角腐皮镰孢菌为靶标菌,采用室内平板对峙培养和温室防效测定方法,从发病油豆角根际(围)土壤中筛选拮抗能力强的芽胞杆菌菌株,以期获得腐皮镰孢菌根腐病的生防资源。结果表明:该试验筛选到一株拮抗芽胞杆菌WJ-126,初步鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),在温室人工接种条件下,该菌株对油豆角腐皮镰孢菌根腐病的相对防效可达60.92%。     

蚕豆黄化卷叶病的药剂防治

喷药治蚜防病试验中,溴氰菊酯和久效磷对豆蚜(Aphis craccivora)的防效分别达到96.7%和67.1%。两次和三次施用溴氰菊酯的防病效果分别达到84.1%和86.1%,蚕豆产量分别比未施药对照增产17.7%和21.9%。施药也影响蚕豆黄化卷叶病的时间分布型,三次施药小区的病株始终为泊松分布,病害没有再次扩散;未施药小区早春病株就出现负二项分布,越冬前病害已经扩散。豆蚜蚜害率与蚕豆黄化卷叶病发病率密切相关。